Method and apparatus for percutaneous delivery and deployment of a cardiovascular prosthesis

ABSTRACT

Catheter apparatuses and methods are provided for repairing heart valves, particularly mitral valves. The method includes providing a catheter having an elongate, flexible body, with a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end can be transluminally advanced from the left atrium through the mitral valve and along the left ventricular outflow tract into the ascending aorta. A valve repair device is deployed to permanently connect leaflets at a mid-section of a mitral valve while permitting medial and lateral portions of the natural leaflets to open and close. The valve repair device detachably connects the distal and proximal ends of the catheter.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

This application is directed to cardiac valve prostheses and toapparatuses and methods for deploying such devices in a minimallyinvasive manner.

Description of the Related Art

A major type of heart disease is valvular insufficiency, also calledvalvular regurgitation, which is characterized by the improper closingof a heart valve. A heart valve consists of a number of leaflets—eithertwo or three—that swing open to allow blood to flow forward(anterograde) out of a heart chamber, and then swing closed to form atight seal, preventing blood from leaking backwards (retrograde).Valvular insufficiency may result from a variety of problems with thecomponents which make up the valve—for example, the leaflets themselvesmay degenerate, the tissue cords which tether the leaflets to muscleswithin the heart may break, or the ring of tissue within which the valveis seated (called the “annulus”) may expand after heart attacks or fromcongestive heart failure. Each of these problems leads to a commonelement in valvular regurgitation: when closed, the edges of the valveleaflets no longer fit snuggly next to each other and allow retrogradeflow.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) (insufficiency of the valve which connects theleft atrium with the left ventricle of the heart) and tricuspidregurgitation (TR) (insufficiency of the valve which connects the rightatrium with the right ventricle of the heart) contribute significantlyto cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. MR is a debilitating diseasethat can lead to serious complications and possible death. Its symptomsinclude shortness of breath, rapid respirations, palpitations, chestpain, and coughing. MR leads to heart failure and pulmonary edema andalso predisposes patients to other conditions, such as stroke, arterialembolus, and arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and lethalventricular arrhythmias. Detection and timely effective treatment of MRleads to higher survival rates, decreased complications, and increasedcomfort for patients.

Currently, the only commercially available method of definitivelyrepairing atrioventricular valvular regurgitation is open-heart surgery.In this procedure, the patient is first anesthetized and then subject toa thoracotomy. Access to the patient's heart is achieved by making alarge incision, retracting the skin, muscle, and bony structures. Thesurgeon must stop the beating of the heart and cut it open to directlyvisualize the valve. The surgeon then may repair the valve surgically,or remove the valve and implant a prosthetic valve. This requiresplacing the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass, which involves applying aheart-lung machine to the patient that circulates oxygenated bloodthroughout the body in place of the working heart and lungs. After theheart is bypassed and is stopped, its structure can be visualized.

Although open-heart surgery is a successful method of repairing orreplacing faulty heart valves, it poses a significant risk to thewellbeing of the patient, including death, severe injury, anddisability. There is a risk of ischemic or other damage to the heart andother vital organs resulting from the discontinuance of the heart'snormal function. The heart-lung machine may also cause abnormalities ofthe patient's circulatory, respiratory, hematologic and neurologicsystems. There is a risk of stroke and other consequences from embolireleased into the blood during the surgery and during initiation ofcardiopulmonary bypass. There is a risk of heart attack. Significantdamage occurs to the tissues and bone retracted from the patient's chestwhile gaining access to the heart. Post-operative complications such aswound infection, pneumonia, and venous thrombosis occur because of theextent of incisions and the patient's debilitated state. Also,cardiopulmonary bypass carries with it a risk of renal insufficiency,particularly in patients with borderline kidney function. Such patientsmay require dialysis after surgery due to the stress on the kidneysduring bypass. Consequently, a patient's recovery can be painful,discomforting, long in duration, and costly.

A minimally invasive, beating-heart procedure that would not expose thepatient to these risks is therefore desirable. Moreover, a limitedsurgical approach or percutaneous approach would decrease or eliminatethe tissue trauma that occurs from the extensive incisions of open-heartsurgery, sparing patients pain, improving recovery time, and decreasingpost-operative complications.

A very large population exists that would benefit from an alternativemethod of valve repair. Approximately 10% of coronary artery bypasssurgeries include mitral valve repair or replacement, which amounts to75,000 to 100,000 of such procedures per year world-wide. In addition,significant MR and/or TR complicate 30-60% of patients with congestiveheart failure, contributing to their impaired cardiac function andcausing significant morbidity. However, because of the significant risksinvolved in open-heart surgery, many of the patients are unable toundergo valve repair. Thus, a successful percutaneous orminimally-invasive method of valve repair on the beating heart wouldhave extraordinary clinical benefit.

No commercial products have been marketed that successfully repair themitral valve of the human heart with a minimally invasive, beating-heartprocedure. Several factors are responsible for this. First, the heartand its associated valves are not directly visualized or accessible. Onecan use imaging techniques such as fluoroscopy or echocardiography, butthese provide a two-dimensional image and a limited field of view.Three-dimensional imaging technologies, including advanced forms ofechocardiography, are available but only in a limited number of medicalcenters and only to very few clinicians trained to use them. Second, itis extremely difficult to immobilize the rapidly moving heart valveleaflets for repair purposes while the heart is beating. Not only arethe leaflets moving back and forth rapidly, but also they each have adifferent shape and geometry. Thus, no single device or methodology hassuccessfully been used to repair heart valves in a minimally invasivemanner on a beating heart.

Efforts have been made to commercialize catheter based valve clipdevices, though such devices are not yet approved for use in the UnitedStates. These devices are delivered by a catheter system percutaneouslyon a catheter device that is articulated to steer a clip device intoplace. The catheter system is placed over a guidewire. The device has adilator that facilitates insertion into the left atrium. Thereafter, thedilator is removed and the clip is advanced at the distal end of aninner portion of the catheter system through an outer portion of thecatheter system into the left atrium. The inner portion is adjusted toorient the clip such that the clip points down toward the leftventricle. Once pointed downward, arms of the clip are opened. Aninnermost portion of the catheter system is then projected from the leftatrium into the left ventricle, below the valve leaflets. Thereafter,the clip is retracted and closed to hold the leaflets together to reduceMR.

Although these clip devices can be explained relatively simply, theactual use is not simple. For example, steering and orienting the clipis a delicate operation that requires skill foreign to mostcardiologists. The delivery device is relatively large at 24 French. Itis heavy and rigid and more analogous to a robotic arm than to generallymuch more flexible devices regularly used by cardiologists. Because ofits rigidity, it is steered using dials that actuate a complex mechanismto orient it in three degrees of freedom. This intricate control systemfor orienting the rigid arm is only accurately positioned through theuse of complex imaging technologies. The rigidity of the systemeliminates tactile feedback to the doctor and thus imaging is the onlymeans for achieving and/or confirming placement.

While technically able to repair a mitral valve through peripheralaccess, these devices and the procedures in which they are used stillare very costly to the patient and to the health care system in general.While these clips devices are described as being able to release,re-approach, and recapture the leaflets, such re-working proceduresincrease the overall procedure time which is disadvantageous for thepatient and the physician. For example, the MitraClip procedure isindicated as taking 2 to 4 hours, which is comparable to open heartvalve repair surgery. In practice, the procedure can take two to threetimes longer than this due to poor initial placement, release andre-grasping efforts. Also, the patient must be under general anesthesia,and both an interventional cardiologist and an echo cardiologist must bepresent during the procedure. These and other aspects of the MitraClipdesign discussed in the EU Heart Journal article of May 23, 2011 make itinconvenient and costly to use.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is a method of performing a procedure in the heart. Inthe method, a catheter is provided that has an elongate flexible body, aproximal end, and a distal end. The catheter also has a procedure zonespaced proximally apart from the distal end. The proximal and distalends are separable from the procedure zone. The catheter is advancedantegrade through the mitral valve and through the aortic valve and intothe aorta. When so advanced, the procedure zone is positioned upstreamfrom the aortic valve. A procedure is performed from the procedure zone.At least one of the proximal portion and the distal portion areseparated from the procedure zone. The proximal and distal portions ofthe catheter are separately removed from the patient.

In another embodiment, a method of orienting a first and second tissuegrasper with respect to the mitral valve is provided. The methodincludes providing a catheter having an elongate, flexible body, with aproximal end, a distal end and first and second tissue graspers spacedapart from the distal end. The distal end of the catheter istransluminally advanced from the left atrium through the mitral valveand along the left ventricular outflow tract into the ascending aorta.Such advancement positions the first and second tissue graspers adjacenta central zone of the mitral valve. Thereafter, the distal end of thecatheter is drawn out of a peripheral artery.

In another embodiment, a method of repairing a mitral valve is provided.The method includes providing a catheter having an elongate, flexiblebody, with a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end istransluminally advanced from the left atrium through the mitral valveand along the left ventricular outflow tract into the ascending aorta. Avalve repair device is deployed to permanently connect leaflets at amid-section of a mitral valve while permitting medial and lateralportions of the natural leaflets to open and close. The valve repairdevice detachably connects the distal and proximal ends of the catheter.

In another embodiment, a system is provided for performing a procedurein the heart. The system includes a catheter having an elongate flexiblebody, a proximal end, a distal end, and a procedure zone. The procedurezone is spaced proximally apart from the distal end. Proximal and distalportion of the catheter are separable from the procedure zone. Incertain embodiments, the catheter is advanceable antegrade through themitral valve. That is, the elongate body can have a length to extendfrom a peripheral venous site to the heart, into the atria of the heart,and through the mitral valve. The elongate body further can have alength to extend from a peripheral venous site through the heart andaortic valve and into the aorta. The elongate body further can have alength to extend from a peripheral venous site through the heart suchthat the procedure zone is positioned upstream from the aortic valve.The procedure zone can be configured to perform a procedure in theheart. The proximal portion can be separable from the distal portionfrom, at or adjacent to the procedure zone. The elongate of the cathetercan be configured such that a distal portion of the catheter can extendto a peripheral arterial site, e.g., when the proximal portion isdisposed form the heart to a peripheral venous site. The distal portionis configured to be separated from the procedure zone by actuating thedistal portion at the arterial site such that the distal portion can beremoved from the arterial site while the proximal portion can be removedfrom the peripheral venous site.

In another embodiment, a system is provided for orienting first andsecond tissue graspers of a heart prosthesis with respect to the mitralvalve. The system includes a catheter having an elongate, flexible body,with a proximal end and a distal end. First and second tissue graspersare provided in the system spaced apart from the distal end of theelongate flexible body. The catheter is configured to be advanceablefrom a peripheral venous site to the left atrium and through the mitralvalve and into the ascending aorta (e.g., along the left ventricularoutflow tract). The catheter is configured to position the first andsecond tissue graspers adjacent to a central zone of the mitral valve. Adistal portion of the catheter is configured to be disposed in aperipheral artery and through a percutaneous access site while thegraspers are adjacent to the central zone such that a distal portion ofthe catheter can be drawn out of the peripheral artery.

In another embodiment, a mitral valve repair apparatus is provided thatincludes a catheter having an elongate, flexible body. The body can havea proximal end and a distal end. A distal portion, e.g., the distal end,of the body is advanceable from the left atrium through the mitral valveand along the left ventricular outflow tract into the ascending aorta.The elongate, flexible body can be configured to reach the heart from afemoral venous or other peripheral venous site. The apparatus alsoincludes a valve repair device configured to permanently connectleaflets at a mid-section of a mitral valve while permitting medial andlateral portions of the natural leaflets to open and close. The valverepair device is detachably coupled with the distal and proximal ends ofthe catheter.

Various embodiments are also directed to a mitral valve prosthesis. Theprosthesis includes an elongate arcuate body, a based, and arcuateanterior and posterior leaflet grasping elements. The elongate arcuatebody has a proximal end and a distal end. The base is disposed betweenthe proximal and distal ends of the elongate body. The arcuate anteriorleaflet grasping element is articulated at or adjacent to the distal endof the elongate body. The arcuate anterior leaflet grasping element ismovable between an open position and a closed position. The arcuateposterior leaflet grasping element is articulated at or adjacent to thedistal end of the elongate body. The arcuate posterior leaflet graspingelement is movable between an open position and a closed position.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, when theposterior leaflet grasping element is in the closed position, theposterior leaflet grasping element is received in a space at leastpartially bounded by the base.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a flush surfaceis provided between the base and side surfaces of at least one of theanterior and poster leaflet grasping elements.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a lumen and afluid actuator (e.g., hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) are disposed in thebase for actuating at least one of the anterior and poster leafletgrasping elements.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a first lumen anda first fluid actuator is disposed in the base for actuating theanterior leaflet grasping element and a second lumen and a second fluidactuator is disposed in the base for actuating the posterior leafletgrasping element.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, an indexingfeature is disposed on a proximal portion of the prosthesis forproviding a selected rotational position of the prosthesis relative to acatheter body.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a control memberchannel is disposed on a proximal face of the base for engaging a guidewire or push element.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a retentionmember is provided that is configured to be advanced over a side surfaceof the arcuate body to a position around at least one of the anteriorand posterior leaflet grasping elements to hold the grasping elementagainst the base.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a bight is formedor provided between the base and at least one the anterior and posteriorgrasping elements, e.g., when one or both of the anterior and posteriorleaflet grasping element is in the open position. The bight isproximally facing, e.g., when having a larger transverse dimensionadjacent to the proximal end of the prosthesis than adjacent to thedistal end thereof.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a hinge isprovided between at least one of [a] the base and a distal portion ofthe anterior leaflet grasping element and [b] the base and a distalportion of the posterior leaflet grasping element.

In certain embodiments of the mitral valve prosthesis, a spring iscoupled with a first portion of the posterior leaflet grasping elementand an actuator coupled with a second portion of the posterior leafletgrasping element, the hinge being disposed between the first and secondportions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a pathologic specimen of a human heartsectioned along its long axis, demonstrating the pertinent anatomicalstructures and landmarks important to device operation.

FIG. 2 is a photograph of a pathologic specimen of a human heart,sectioned in short axis at the level of the left atrium, demonstratingthe anatomy of the mitral valve leaflets as viewed from the perspectiveof the left atrium and the approach according to certain embodiments ofthe invention.

FIG. 2A is a photograph of a partial dissection of a mitral valveshowing the sub-valvular apparatus in greater detail.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a human heart and one embodimentof the present invention showing the position within the heart and bloodvessels that provides correct orientation, the proximal end beingaccessible at a first peripheral venous location.

FIG. 3A illustrates part of a venous-arterial rail method that can becombined with the methods and apparatuses disclosed herein

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a human heart and one embodimentof the present invention showing a distal portion of a catheter deviceadvanced toward a femoral artery for accessing the distal portion.

FIG. 4A is a schematic of a mitral valve showing placement of aprocedure zone of a catheter device by interaction of an anchor zonewith adjacent anatomy.

FIG. 5 is an image similar to that of FIG. 4 , showing deployment of avalve treatment device.

FIG. 6 is an image similar to that of FIG. 4 , showing furtherdeployment of a valve treatment device.

FIG. 7 is an image similar to that of FIG. 4 , showing full engagementof a valve treatment device.

FIG. 8 is an image similar to that of FIG. 4 , showing release of adistal portion of a delivery device from the valve treatment device,just prior to removal of the distal portion from the patient.

FIG. 9 is an image similar to that of FIG. 4 , showing release of aproximal portion of a delivery device from the valve treatment device,just prior to removal of the proximal portion from the patient.

FIGS. 10-15 illustrate aspects of valve repair devices with pairs ofarms configured to capture valve leaflets and their deployment at avalve.

FIGS. 16-19 illustrate aspects of valve prostheses that enhancecoaptation compared to conventional prostheses.

FIG. 20 illustrates part of a system for deploying the prosthesis ofFIGS. 16-19 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In FIG. 1 , a longitudinal section of the human heart is showndemonstrating the left atrium 1, the mitral valve orifice 2, theanterior leaflet 3 of the mitral valve, and the posterior leaflet 4 ofthe mitral valve. The subvalvular apparatus consists of the numerouschordae tendinae 5 and the papillary muscles 6. The left ventricularoutflow tract (LVOT) 10 is a channel formed by the anterior leaflet 3 ofthe mitral valve and the interventricular septum.

In FIG. 2 , a short axis view of the mitral valve is seen at the levelof the left atrium. This demonstrates the asymmetric nature of themitral valve leaflets. The posterior leaflet 4 has a broad base and ofnarrow width, while the anterior leaflet 3 has a relatively narrow baseand a substantial width. FIG. 2A is a partial dissection of the mitralvalve further illustrating the sub-valvular apparatus. These figuresillustrate the trajectory along which a catheter device is advancedaccording to this disclosure to position a valve repair device. Asdiscussed in greater detail below, the trajectory is from the leftatrium 1, through the mitral valve orifice 2, between the papillarymuscles 6, through the LVOT 10, across the aortic valve 8 and into theascending aorta 9.

With particular reference to FIG. 2A, when properly positioned, the pathwill be centered between the posterior-most chord of the anteriorportion of the sub-valvular apparatus and the anterior-most chord of theposterior portion of the sub-valvular apparatus. The superior aspects ofthese chordae extend toward one another, forming an anatomical narrowsthat is exploited by the methods and apparatuses herein for rapidpositioning of a valve repair device. As discussed in greater detailbelow a trajectory extending from a wall of the aorta, through thisnarrows region and up through the mitral valve into the left atrium willroughly bisect the mitral valve in the medial-lateral direction. Thus,the methods and devices herein are less dependent upon difficult tointerpret imaging technologies and the need to position and reposition avalve repair device to get a good result, e.g., significantly reducingMR.

I. Orienting a Valve Repair Device

FIGS. 3-9 illustrate methods for deploying a valve repair device. Inthese techniques, the valve repair device is a durable device and can bean apposing element, a fastening device, or a fastener that reduces MR.The valve repair device preferably is deployed to secure together amedial-lateral central zone of the valve to create a double orifice atthe mitral valve. The valve repair device is configured to minimize achance of leaflet tear, such as by grasping a sufficient area of thevalve to reduce concentration of force, as discussed further below.FIGS. 16-20 illustrate an embodiment of a valve repair device thatenhances coaptation compared to other mitral valve prostheses asdiscussed below and a system and method for deploying the valve repairdevice.

FIG. 3 shows the body of a catheter 100 with a distal portion 104disposed in the heart and the ascending portion of the aorta 9. A methodfor delivering the catheter 100 to this position can include accessing aperipheral vein and providing access to the left atrium 1 through theatrial septum, e.g., by opening and/or enlarging the fossa ovalis.Standard transseptal access devices can be advanced into a femoral veinand through the inferior vena cava 14 to cross the atrial septum. In oneembodiment a sheath 90 is advanced across the septum and into the leftatrium. After access is provided, the catheter 100 can be advanced intothe left atrium 1 and through the mitral valve between the anterior andposterior leaflets 3, 4. The catheter 100 can be further advanced intothe LVOT 10 and into the aorta 9 in the position shown in FIG. 3 . Aproximal portion 106 of the catheter 100 extends proximally from theheart, e.g., through the sheath 90, and exits the body at a peripheralvenous location, such as a femoral vein.

FIG. 4 shows a later step in which the distal portion 104 of thecatheter 100 is advanced over the arch of the aorta 9 and further towarda peripheral artery. FIG. 10 shows that a lumen 130 can be provided inthe catheter 100. The lumen 130 can be sized to receive a guidewire forpositioning the catheter 100. In some embodiments as discussed below,the lumen 130 can be used to deploy and operate an imaging device atleast in an area within or adjacent to the heart, e.g., in a procedurezone. Advancing the catheter 100 in this manner can be accomplished byany standard technique, such as tracking a previously placed guidewireor a flow directed catheter. Access can be provided to the peripheralarterial site by conventional means. A snare or other grasping devicecan be used to draw the distal end of a guidewire or other trackingdevice out of the patient such that a continuous guiding track orcircuit from peripheral venous access to peripheral arterial access isprovided. The peripheral femoral venous access is a first access siteand the femoral (or other peripheral) arterial access is a second accesssite, and the first and second access sites can be accessed simultaneousas discussed below.

In another embodiment, guiding devices such as guide wires are not usedto deliver the distal portion 104 to the peripheral arterial site fromthe heart. Instead, the catheter 100 is directed unguided or retractedtoward the vicinity of the second access site without a guidewire. Aballoon or highly flexible distal region can be a useful structure forunguided delivery to a peripheral arterial site. A snare may then beused to capture the distal end of the distal portion 104. Eithertracking a guiding device or by use of the snare, the distal end of thedistal portion 104 of the catheter 100 can be directed or drawn out ofthe body at the peripheral arterial access site.

FIG. 3A shows an alternative approach in which a distal end 108A of theproximal portion 106A can be position through the venous vasculature,across the mitral and aortic valves into the ascending aorta. A capturedevice 104A can be advanced from an arterial access site up the aortaand into vicinity of the distal end 108A of the proximal portion 106A.The capture device 104A can include a snare or other device to grasp thedistal end 108A. In certain embodiments, the capturing device 104A islow profile such that it can engage the distal end 108A and form anouter surface that permits advancement of catheter bodies against flowfrom the arterial access site to the heart over the capture device 104A.This variation is discussed more in connection with FIG. 20 .

FIGS. 4 and 10 show that the catheter 100 has a procedure zone 120 andan anchor zone 124. The procedure zone 120 includes one or more devicesfor interacting with the vessel or a heart valve and/or deploying avalve repair device. The anchor zone 124 is configured to provide fast,consistent and accurate placement of the procedure zone 120 at thecorrect location along the valve. The positioning is better understoodwith reference to FIGS. 2A and 4A. As noted above in connection withFIG. 2A, an opening is defined in the sub-valvular apparatus betweenanterior papillary muscles and posterior papillary leading toward theLVOT 10. The distal portion 104 and anchor zone 120 passes through thisopening as the catheter 100 is advanced to the position of FIG. 4 . Theanchor zone 124 is configured to engage the anatomy distal the mitralvalve and to define a predictable, appropriate trajectory through theintervening anatomy and within the mitral valve. As the catheter 100 isplaced, the procedure zone 120 follows a trajectory that intersectsroughly the medial-lateral central zone of the mitral valve. In FIG. 4A,a box is drawn over a location of the zone C where the procedure zone120 crosses the mitral valve when the anchor zone 124 engages distalanatomy and the proximal portion 106 of the catheter 100 is disposedproximally through the atrial septum. Because the procedures zone 120naturally comes to rest at this location, subsequent manipulation isrelatively minimal. This permits relatively simple manipulations toorient the procedure zone 120.

Further, to an extent interaction of the catheter 100 with centralchordae tendinae can provide a guiding function to properpre-positioning of the catheter 100. FIG. 2A shows that the posteriormost of the chordae tendinae extending from the anterior papillarymuscle and the anterior most of the chordae tendinae extending from theposterior papillary muscle further define the opening from the mitralvalve to the LVOT 10 and to the aorta. A notch or narrows NN is definedwhere these chordae tendinae connect to the valve apparatus. When placedas in FIG. 4 , the body of the catheter 100 comes to rest in this notchNN and as a result is in or very close to the zone C illustrated in FIG.4A. Once advanced through the valve and into an anchoring connectionwith the anatomy, the proximal portion 106 of the catheter 100 can besubjected to a clockwise or counter-clockwise torque to orient thecatheter body about its axis but still generally at the zone ofcoaptation of the leaflets. In other embodiments, a steerable wire canbe used to allow anteflection, retroflection or other useful positioningmaneuvers of the procedure zone 120. While the catheter 100 generallywill place the procedure zone 120 in the area C illustrated in FIG. 4A,these subtle movements can optimize placement within that are, forexample centering the procedure zone there.

This anchoring capability of the distal portion 104 of the catheter 100provides for quicker and more efficient patient care. Other systemsdispose a valve clip at the distal-most end of the delivery system andthat rely on substantially free hand or proximal end only positioning ofthe valve in three dimensional space to approach the leaflets inreliance on sophisticated imaging. Although many procedures benefit fromsophisticated imaging, and more maneuverability can be useful, free-handor proximal end only placement of a clip requires too much manipulationto be conveniently and efficiently performed. Greater maneuverabilitycarries with it the substantial chance of misplacement. Therefore, suchdevices are greatly complicated with features that enable the device tobe un-clipped and re-clipped multiple times.

FIGS. 5-9 illustrate the ease of delivery of a valve repair device 200using the catheter 100 placed as discussed above. The device 200 isadvanced through the mitral valve between the leaflets 3, 4 into theleft ventricle as the distal portion 104 of the catheter 100 is advancedthrough the second access site. In one embodiment, the valve repairdevice 200 is on, is part of, or comprises the procedure zone 120. Inthis context “valve repair device” is a broad term that includes anydevice or technique by which MR is reduced while still using the nativevalve leaflets to provide a valve function, including where the valvefunction is converted from a single orifice to a double orifice. Thisterm also includes the mitral repair device of FIGS. 16-19 discussed ingreater detail below. In one approach, the valve repair device 200 hasan anterior element 204 and a posterior element 208. The anterior andposterior elements 204, 208 are configured to engage and secure theanterior and posterior leaflets 3, 4 respectively. Preferably theanterior and posterior elements 204, 208 are adapted to gather portionsof the anterior and posterior leaflets 3, 4 and secure them against orwithin another portion of the valve repair device 200. Examples ofstructures that can be incorporated into the anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,752,813 to Goldfarbet al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,635,329; and 7,604,646, all which is herebyincorporated by reference herein for this and any other purpose.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show one technique for capturing the leaflets. Asdiscussed above, this procedure generally is to be performed on abeating heart, in which the mitral valve leaflets 3, 4 are movingrapidly relative to the procedure zone 120. FIGS. 5 and 11 show that theanterior element 204 can be deployed to create a proximally orientedchannel or bight 212 between the element 204 and a central hub 216 ofthe device 200 that is suitable for receiving the valve therein. Afterthe anterior element 204 is deployed slight proximal movement of thecatheter 100 causes the leaflet 3 to be disposed in the bight 212.Although the valve is still moving as the heart beats, the anteriorleaflet 3 is disposed in or through the bight 212 and remainstemporarily gathered. In other words, although the mitral valve isoperating and the anterior element 204 is open, the leaflet 3 remains inthe bight 212.

Thereafter, the posterior element 208 is deployed exposing a bight 220between the element 208 and the hub 216. FIGS. 5 and 13 show the bight220 in more detail. Slight proximal movement of the catheter 100 causesthe leaflet 4 to be disposed in the bight 220. In certain embodiments,suction or a grasper device can be deployed from the catheter tomaintain the leaflet in the bight 212, 220, as discussed in U.S. Pat.No. 7,635,329, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entiretyand for this purpose. The Appendix includes this patent as part of thisapplication.

The slight proximal movement to position the leaflets 3, 4 in the bights212, 220 may be preceded with some manipulation of the catheter 100. Themanipulation will cause the anterior and posterior elements 204, 206 tobe deployed. For example, as discussed in connection with FIGS. 10-14below the catheter 100 can have a plurality of windows that perm itegress of the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 for capturing theleaflets 3, 4 respectively. In some cases, a torque applied to theproximal portion 106 can cause the anterior and posterior elements 204,206 to pivot to the orient the bights 212, 220 on the ventricular sideof the mitral valve zone C. As discussed above, the natural position ofthe catheter body 100 should align the procedure zone 120 substantiallyequally spaced from medial and lateral edges of the mitral valveopening. Thus the clinician can focus efforts on angular orientation ofthe anterior and posterior elements 204, 208, which orientation can beachieved with as few as one degree of freedom of movement.

FIG. 7 illustrates a technique in which both leaflets 3, 4 are capturedby the valve repair device 200. As discussed in connection with theincorporated matter, the device 200 captures the leaflets 3, 4 byactuating the elements 204, 208 toward the hub 216 to close the bights212, 220. Various closure mechanisms can be used. For example, a springhinge 218 can be disposed between the hub 216 and one or both of theanterior and posterior elements 204, 208. The spring can be store strainenergy in the open state, e.g., when bights 212, 220 are enlarged and ina free state when the bights 212, 220 are closed. Alternatively,wire-actuated mechanisms can be disposed in the valve repair device 200and/or the catheter 100 to pull the anterior and posterior elements 204,208 against the hub 216 to close the bights 212, 220. As discussedbelow, the closure of the bights 212, 220 occurs sequentially, e.g.,anterior bight 212 first and posterior bight 220 second. An advantageousdesign would involve closing the anterior bight 212 first because theanterior leaflet 3 is generally harder to catch. The range of motion ofthe anterior leaflet is greater and has a larger excursion, and thus isharder to catch. In some embodiments, as discussed in connection withFIGS. 10-14 below, the leaflets are captured between atrial andventricular structures of the heart in a sandwich fashion.

FIG. 8 shows that after the leaflets 3, 4 are captured, the valve repairdevice 200 can be de-coupled form the catheter 100 and left in place.The catheter 100 is then removed from the first and second access sites.In an initial decoupling step, the distal portion 104 of the catheter100 can be decoupled from a distal interface 240 of the valve repairdevice 200 as described further below in connection with FIG. 10 .

FIG. 9 shows that after the distal portion 104 is de-coupled from thevalve repair apparatus 200 the proximal portion 106 can be de-coupledfrom the valve repair apparatus 200 as well. FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate aproximal interface 260 that enables the valve repair apparatus 200 to beselectively separated from the proximal portion 106 of the catheterbody. A variety of devices can be used for the proximal interface 260.

II. Apparatuses Capturing and Holding Valve Leaflets

Further details of various implementations of the catheter 100 arediscussed with reference to FIGS. 10 through 14 . In one embodiment, thecatheter 100 can include a device housing catheter 400 made of materialflexible and torqueable, preferably of a polymeric material but anyother biocompatible material may be used. The device housing catheter400 contains a central lumen through which the valve repair deploymentcatheter 404 can be advanced, and has in its wall holes 408, 412 (hereinreferred to as “portals”) that, once the housing catheter 400 is inplace in the ascending aorta with the assistance of the orientationcatheter, are specifically aligned with the locations of the anteriorleaflet 3 and posterior leaflet 4 to allow for the deployment of theanterior and posterior elements 204, 208 incorporated into thedeployment catheter 404 that unfold and project out of the apparatus togather the individual leaflets, as discussed above. FIGS. 11-14 showthat the mitral valve repair device 200 can include anterior andposterior atrial elements 204A, 208A for provide enhanced security ofeach leaflet. The housing catheter 400 can be configured to deploy theelements 204A, 204B through the same or different portals as theelements 204, 208. The deployment catheter 404 is a catheter with acentral lumen for a guide wire G, is made of material flexible andtorqueable, and has a semi-rigid portion that contains the valve repairdevice 200. As discussed above, the valve repair device 200 includesanterior and posterior elements 204, 208 and the spring hinge 218, andin some cases the atrial elements 204A, 204B. In an alternativeembodiment, the housing catheter 400 and deployment catheter 404 may beincorporated into a single catheter with a movable core and may containa central lumen for a guide wire.

Monitoring the advancement and manipulation of the device housingcatheter 400 and the deployment catheter 404 may be done by a variety ofvisualization techniques including, but not limited to MRI, fluoroscopy,endoscopy, thoracoscopy, transthoracic, intracardiac, andtransesophageal echocardiography. These and other visualizationtechniques are employed throughout the present invention to track themovement of the apparatus inside a human body.

FIG. 10-14 depict in longitudinal section one embodiment of the presentinvention for mitral heart valve repair showing the housing catheter400, advanced through a sheath 90 placed as depicted in FIG. 3 , over aguide wire and into the proper position between the mitral valveleaflets 3 and 4. The deployment catheter 404 with its incorporatedvalve repair device 200 has been advanced over a guide wire through thedevice housing catheter 400 and into proper position with respect to themitral valve leaflets 3 and 4. Through advancement, retraction, andtorquing of the deployment catheter 404 by the operator, the deploymentcatheter allows the operator to manipulate the valve repair device. Thefunction of the leaflet immobilization apparatus (including the anteriorposterior elements 204, 208, spring hinge 218, and atrial elements 204A,204B if present) is to clip or attach the anterior and posteriorleaflets 3, 4 together. These components of the leaflet immobilizationapparatus are preferably made of a sterile, biocompatible material suchas a metal or plastic material known to be biocompatible. The leafletimmobilization apparatus is preferably cylindrical in shape, but mayalso be rectangular, conical or a multitude of other shapes. In mitralheart valve repair, the anterior element 204 may be longer than theposterior element 208, thus taking into account the anatomicaldifference in the size and shape of an anterior mitral valve leaflet 3compared to a posterior mitral valve leaflet 4 as demonstrated in FIG. 2. By way of example, the shape of the anterior and posterior elements204, 208 may resemble thin rectangular arms or wings that are connectedby the hinge 218. However, the design of the anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 may be shaped in a variety of different forms. Forexample, the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 may be circular,triangular, square, oval, or elliptical. The anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 may also be straight or curved. A cylindrical valverepair device with circular elements is discussed more in connectionwith FIGS. 16-20 below.

Differences in the sizes of the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208may be tailored to the anatomical requirements of a particular surgicalrepair and patient. In any case, the shape of the anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 are designed to fit within the lumen of a catheterand, when deployed, to optimally interface with the unique anatomicalshape of the anterior leaflet 3 and posterior leaflet 4, respectively.When the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 are located outsidethe lumen of the catheter, the spring hinge 218 connecting the anteriorand posterior elements 204, 208 extends the anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 outward and away from catheter system. The springhinge 218 limits the range of movement of the anterior and posteriorelements 204, 208 from a closed position, or zero degrees, to an openposition not to exceed 90 degrees away from the catheter system. Thespring hinge 218 exerts relatively little force against the anterior andposterior elements 204, 208 in the open position. When the anterior andposterior elements 204, 208 are contained within the lumen of the 400,the walls of the lumen force the anterior and posterior elements 204,208 inward. In an alternative embodiment, the closed position ofanterior and posterior elements 204, 208 may be maintained by a latchmechanism that can be released by an actuator in the proximal portion ofthe deployment catheter 404. Thus, in the lumen of the housing catheter,the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 are flush within thehousing catheter 400, and the spring hinge 218 is loaded with the forceof the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 in a closed position. Toease advancement of the deployment catheter 404 with its incorporatedleaflet immobilization apparatus, the housing catheter 400 may containgrooves shaped to receive the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208,or to receive the deployment catheter 400 in a proper orientation sothat the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 are directed properlytoward the portals 408, 412 in the housing catheter 400. In analternative embodiment, the housing catheter 400 and the deploymentcatheter 404 with its incorporated leaflet immobilization apparatus maybe incorporated into a single catheter with a moveable core that allowsfor the manipulation of the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208,the spring hinge 218, and atrial element 204A, 208A by actuator oractuators at the proximal end of the catheter system, or by directmanipulation of the core itself at the proximal end of the cathetersystem.

FIG. 10 thus depicts the deployment catheter 404 advanced within thehousing catheter 400 and the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208 inclosed positions. The deployment catheter 404 has been advanced withinthe housing catheter 400 so that the anterior and posterior elements204, 208 are positioned below the ventricular aspect of the openanterior 3 and posterior 4 leaflets. The anterior and posterior elements204, 208 are now ready for deployment.

FIGS. 10-13 sequentially depict one embodiment of independent deploymentof anterior element 204. In FIG. 10 the deployment catheter 404 is shownadvanced toward the distal end of the housing catheter 400 that has ananterior portal 208. The proximal end of deployment catheter 404 mayextend outside the proximal end of the housing catheter 400. Thisenables the operator to push and pull the deployment catheter 404 in adistal or proximal direction within the catheter. As the operator pullsthe catheter 404 in the proximal direction, the valve repair device(including of the anterior and posterior elements 204, 208, and thespring hinge 218) moves in a proximal direction within the housingcatheter 400. In addition, gradually, the anterior element 204independently extends outward from the anterior portal 408 as the entirelength of the anterior element 204 moves proximally toward the openspace of the anterior portal 408 of the housing catheter's 400. Theanterior element 204 independently extends outward first because of thedifferential lengths of anterior element 204 and posterior element 208and because of the differential locations of the anterior portal 408 andthe posterior portal 412. Without the containment of the lumen walls ofthe housing catheter 400, the force of the loaded spring hinge 218extends the anterior element 404 through the anterior portal 408 of thehousing catheter 400 away from the deployment catheter 404.

In an alternative embodiment, an operator may release the anteriorelement 204 or actuate the deployment of the anterior element 204 by wayof an actuator located at the proximal end of the deployment catheter400. Referring back to FIG. 1 , the tips of the mitral valve leaflets 3and 4 point in a ventricular direction when open. Thus, the angle of thedeployed anterior element 204 allows for the engagement of theventricularly directed anterior valve leaflet 3. Incorporating FIG. 1 'sframe of reference regarding the mitral valve leaflets 3 and 4, FIG. 11shows the anterior element 204 free from the lumen of the housingcatheter 400 and in a partially extended position below the anteriormitral valve leaflet 3. FIG. 12 next shows the anterior element 204 in afully extended position below the anterior leaflet 3, and engaging theanterior leaflet 3. Once the anterior element 204 is fully extended andpositioned below the anterior leaflet 3, the flexible and torqueablenature of the housing catheter 400 and the deployment catheter 404 allowthe operator to move and adjust the housing catheter/deployment cathetersystem until the anterior element 204 is determined to be positionedoptimally below the anterior leaflet 3, using imaging techniques such asfluoroscopy, MRI, transesophageal, intracardiac, transthoracic, orthree-dimensional echocardiography as needed.

The atrial element 204A, if present, can be deployed as illustrated inFIGS. 11 and 12 . In particular in FIG. 11 , the element 204A isretained within the housing catheter 400. Relative proximal movement ofthe housing catheter 400 moves the element 204A into the portal 408.When disposed in the portal the element 204A can swing open to theposition shown in FIG. 12 . Although spaces are shown between theelement 204A and the anterior leaflet 3 and between the leaflet 3 andthe anterior element 204, in various embodiments these structures areclosely sandwiched together. In particular, the element 204A can beconfigured to be biased to swing oven to a larger extent than theelement 204. However, due to the rigidity of the element 204, theelement 204A will press up against and conform to the surface of theelement 204. This will result in a force being applied to the leaflets.Although shown as smooth surfaces, one or both of the elements 204, 204Acan have barbs or other structures suitable for enhancing engagementwith the valve tissue. Some of such structures are set forth in theincorporated subject matter of the Appendix.

FIGS. 13 and 14 sequentially depict one embodiment of the presentinvention showing the independent deployment of posterior element 208.Once the anterior element 204 extends through the anterior portal 408,the operator may further pull the deployment catheter 404 in a proximaldirection. This movement will cause the posterior element 208 to move inthe lumen of the housing catheter 400 to the opening of the posteriorportal 412. In one technique, the atrial element 208A may thereafter bedeployed to sandwich the leaflet 4 between the elements 208, 208A. Theposterior element 208 may be shorter than the anterior element 204taking into account the size difference of the anterior leaflet 3 andposterior leaflet 4 of the mitral valve. Similar to the independentdeployment of anterior element 204, the posterior element 208 graduallyand independently springs to an open position as the operator pulls thedeployment catheter 404 proximally. In an alternative embodiment of thepresent invention, an operator may actuate the release and/or deploymentof the posterior element 208 by way of an actuator located at theproximal end of the deployment catheter 404. In FIG. 13 , the posteriorelement 208 is shown in a partially extended position shortly afterclearing the lumen of the housing catheter 400 through the posteriorportal 412. Similar to anterior element 204 positioning, the posteriorelement 208 is positioned at the ventricular side of posterior leaflet4. In FIG. 14 , the posterior element 208 is in a fully deployedposition and is optimally positioned under posterior leaflet 4.

The atrial element 208A, if present, can be deployed as illustrated inFIGS. 13 and 14 . In particular in FIG. 13 , the element 208A isretained within the housing catheter 400. Relative proximal movement ofthe housing catheter 400 moves the element 208A into the portal 412.When disposed in the portal the element 208A can swing open to theposition shown in FIG. 14 . Although spaces are shown between theelement 208A and the posterior leaflet 4 and between the leaflet 4 andthe anterior element 208, in various embodiments these structures areclosely sandwiched together. In particular, the element 208A can beconfigured to be biased to swing oven to a larger extent than theelement 208. However, due to the rigidity of the element 208, theelement 208A will press up against and conform to the surface of theelement 208. This will result in a force being applied to the leaflets.Although shown as smooth surfaces, one or both of the elements 208, 208Acan have barbs or other structures suitable for enhancing engagementwith the valve tissue. Some of such structures are set forth in theincorporated subject matter of the Appendix.

III. Structures for Distal Release of a Valve Repair Device

The distal and proximal interfaces 240, 260 are shown in only some ofthe figures for the sake of keeping the other drawings simpler. Thesestructures and the hub 216 of which they are a part, or an analogousvariation, can be present in the embodiments illustrated in the otherfigures as well. Preferably the distal interface 240 is one that issecure but configured to detach the distal portion 104 of the catheter100 from the repair apparatus 200. In one embodiment, the distal portion104 includes an outer catheter body that extends between the distal endof the distal portion and a proximal end of the distal portion. Insidethe catheter body, a lumen carries an inner sleeve that bridges betweenthe distal interface 240 and the proximal end of the catheter body. Theinner sleeve can comprise and an elongate body that has in outer surfacethat slideably engages the inner lumen of the catheter body. If thedistal portion 104 is to be delivered over a guidewire, the inner sleevecan include an elongate lumen extending therethrough from the distal endof the distal portion 104 to the proximal end of the distal portion.

To detach the distal portion 104 from the distal interface 240 of thevalve repair apparatus 200 one can provide distal relative movement ofthe inner sleeve relative to the catheter body of the distal portion104. This removes the unifying force of the inner sleeve and permits thedistal interface 240 to separate from the proximal end of the distalportion 104. For example, a lateral movement of the proximal end of thedistal portion 104 relative to the distal interface 240 can separatethese structures from each other permitting the distal portion to bewithdrawn. In another embodiment, the inner sleeve can be provided onthe outside of the proximal end of the distal portion 104 and can extendproximally of the distal interface 240.

Many variations of mechanisms to deploy devices are discussed in U.S.Pat. No. 8,216,256, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety.

The proximal interface 260 can be configured similar to the distalinterface 240 or as discussed in the '256 patent or can have anotherconfiguration. In one variation, the proximal interface 260 operates byproviding a torque to a proximal structure carried by the proximalportion 106 of the catheter 100. In particular, the proximal portion 106can include a catheter body with a lumen extending therethrough. Acylindrical sleeve can be disposed within the lumen of the catheterbody. The sleeve can be configured to securely retain the valve repairapparatus 200 at the proximal interface 260. For example, the proximalinterface 260 can include a tubular body disposed on the central hub 216having internal threads disposed thereon. The distal end of the innersleeve can be threaded to match the internal threads of the proximalinterface 260. Accordingly, relative rotation of the inner sleeverelative to the catheter body of the proximal portion 106 can result inseparation of the valve repair apparatus 200 from the proximal portion106. Further details of threaded connections for detaching deployabledevices within a body lumen or cavity are discussed in U.S. Pat. No.7,226,467, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Among the many variations, the structures for disconnecting the valverepair apparatus 200 from the proximal and distal aspects of thecatheter 100 can be of the same type. The structures described as beingused for the proximal interface 260 can be used for the distal interface240, and those described for the distal interface can be used for theproximal interface.

The procedure may be or may include a diagnostic procedure. It maycomprise an imaging procedure, or a hemodynamic monitoring procedure.For example, an imaging device 500 can be disposed in the catheter 100.The imaging device 500 includes an ultrasound transducer 504 and amovement device 508 coupled with the transducer 504. The movement device508 enables the transducer 504 to move relative to the procedures zone120 such that a segment of the anatomy along the procedure zone can beimaged. In one example, the movement device 508 comprises a rotatablemember that is disposed in the lumen 130. The rotation enables thetransducer 504 to obtain imaging data about the catheter 100. FIG. 10shows the movement device 508 positioned inside the guidewire G. Invariations, the guidewire and the movement device 508 can be positionedsequentially, for example removing the guidewire G prior to theinsertion of the movement device 508. In other embodiments, separatelumens are provided for the guidewire G and the movement device 508within the catheter 100. Preferably the movement device 508 is also ableto translate to move the transducer axially to provide imaging along alength. An example of an imaging device is discussed in US 2006/0259137A1, published November 2006, which is incorporated by reference herein.

The movement device 508 can be configured to be operated from either oneor both of the first and second access sites discussed above. Forexample, one or both of the distal end and the proximal end of thetranslation device 508 can be configured to be coupled with an actuatorto provide rotation and/or translational movement of the transducer 504.In various methods the transducer is advanced from the arterial accesssite to a location upstream of the valve being treated. An anatomicalsegment including, for example, the mitral valve is imaged from upstreamto downstream. Thereafter an appropriate step is taken, such as amedial-lateral adjustment of the position of the valve repair device 200along the valve. For example, with respect to FIG. 4A, the catheter canbe torqued to move the device 200 closer to the center of the box C. Theimaging device 500 is then withdrawn toward the arterial access site sothat the repair device 200 can be detached from the distal portion 104.Thereafter, the distal portion 104 and the imaging device 500 can beremoved from the arterial access site, either together or sequentially.

A similar approach could be directed form the venous access site. Inthis approach, the imaging device 500 can be advanced through thecatheter 100 to the just proximal of the valve. Then, the imaging device500 can be activated to gather imaging data, for example while rotatingand traversing a valve and an adjoining anatomical region of interest.Thereafter the imaging device 500 is withdrawn to a location proximal ofthe repair device 200 so that the repair device can be separated fromthe proximal portion 106 of the catheter 100. Subsequently, the proximalportion 106 and the imaging device 500 are withdrawn together orsequentially.

IV. Enhanced Valve Prostheses

FIGS. 16-19 illustrate further embodiments of implants having improvedcoupling with valve leaflets. In particular, FIGS. 16-19 show a valverepair prosthesis 600 with curved leaflet grasping elements. Theprosthesis 600 is configured to be deployed from a catheter assembly orsystem, such as the catheter 100 or the catheter system 800 shown inFIG. 20 . As discussed above, the catheter 100 can be delivered over aguidewire. Similarly, the prosthesis 600 can have a lumen (not shown)extending entirely therethrough for passage of a guidewire. Or, a sidelumen may be provided on the catheter 100 such that no dedicatedguidewire lumen is provided on the prosthesis.

The prosthesis 600 comprises a prosthesis body 604 that extends betweenproximal and distal ends 608, 612. Some or all of the prosthesis body604 can be metallic, e.g., a biocompatible metal. Suitable metalsinclude any one of or any combination of nickel, titanium, stainlesssteel and other biocompatible radiopaque metals and materials. Theprosthesis 600 comprises a base 616 in a central position and aplurality of grasping element 620, 624 disposed laterally of the base616. The grasping elements 620, 624 can be identical, but in certainembodiments are asymmetrical such that the grasping element 620 is aposterior element and the grasping element 624 is an anterior element.The posterior element 620 may be configured specifically configured tobetter grasp the anterior leaflet 3. The anterior element 624 may beconfigured specifically configured to better grasp the posterior leaflet4. Each of the grasping elements 620, 624 can include an elongate memberarticulated to the body 604 and thus may be considered to be arms of theprosthesis 600.

The prosthesis 600 is elongate in certain embodiments, e.g., having alarger longitudinal dimension between the proximal and distal ends 608,612 than a dimension transverse to the longitudinal dimension. Theprosthesis 600 has a generally cylindrical configuration with a circularprofile in transverse cross-section (taken perpendicular to alongitudinal axis). The cylindrical profile enables the prosthesis 600to rotate in a catheter system or in a sheath, such as any of thecatheter systems discussed herein, to orient the prosthesiscircumferentially in the catheter system or sheath. This allows therotational position of the prosthesis 600 to be changed within acircular lumen of a delivery catheter or sheath, e.g., to rotate thegrasping element 620, 624 toward or away from windows or portals in thecatheter body 100.

The posterior and anterior elements 620, 624 are coupled with thecentral base 616. In certain embodiments, the posterior element 620 canbe coupled with the base 616 at a distal portion thereof. A hingeconnection 632 can be provided between a distal portion 636 of theposterior element 620 and a distal portion 638 of the base 616.Similarly, the anterior element 624 can be coupled with the base 616 ata distal portion 640 thereof. A hinge connection 644 can be providedbetween a distal portion 648 of the anterior element 624 and the distalportion 652 of the base 616.

The hinge connections 632, 644 advantageously are disposed away fromeach other to help maintain the small size of the prosthesis. In certainembodiment, the hinge connection 632 to the posterior element 620 isdisposed at a single location adjacent to the distal end 612 at a firstposition of the circumference of the prosthesis 600. In certainembodiment, the hinge connection 644 to the anterior element 624 isdisposed at a second position adjacent to the distal end 612 of theprosthesis 600. The first and second positions preferably are offset byat least 45 degrees and in some cases 90 degrees or more. The hingeconnection 644 can include a plurality of pivot points, e.g., one oneach side of the prosthesis 600.

In one embodiment, the anterior element 624 is disposed on a first sideof the prosthesis and the posterior element 620 is disposed on a secondside of the prosthesis opposite the first side. By positioning theelements on opposing sides, the elements 620, 624 are configured to havetheir point of largest movement in a plane transverse to the line ofcoaptation of a valve when applied. The anterior element 624 can have ahinge connection 644 that includes two pivot points on opposite sides ofthe prosthesis 600. The hinge connection 632 to the posterior element620 can be at a single location spaced apart from one or both connectionpoints of the hinge connection 644.

The prosthesis 600 is configured such that the hinge connections 632 644move the grasping elements 620, 624 from a closed position (FIG. 16 ) toan open position (FIG. 17 ). In the open position the elements extendaway from the base 616 at least at a proximal ends thereof. In theclosed position the element 620, 624 are in a flush position relative tothe base 616. The base 616 can be configured to facilitate the flusharrangement. For example, the base 616 can include a substantiallycylindrical core 664 with lateral protrusions 668 extending from aperiphery of the core 664. The protrusions 668 can extend longitudinallyalong at least a portion of, e.g., along the entire core 664. In oneembodiment, the protrusions 668 comprise a flange on one or both sidesof the core 664. The core 664 can have a first outer surface 672matching an inner side 620A of the posterior element 620 and a secondouter surface 676 matching an inner side 624A of the anterior element624. The matching surfaces enable the elements 620, 624 to rest veryclose to the base 616 providing little or no gap therebetween in theclosed position. A proximally facing shoulder extending from the lateralprotrusions circumferentially toward the hinge connection 632 has aradial width that is about the same as the thickness of the anteriorelement 624 such that the element 624 is received in a flush arrangementrelative to the shoulder.

One or both of the surfaces 620A, 624A are textured, coated, orotherwise processed to maximize frictional engagement with the leaflettissue. One or both of the surfaces 672, 676 are textured, coated, orotherwise processed to maximize frictional or other engagement with theleaflet tissue. The surfaces on the outer sides 620B, 624B preferablyare flush with the radially outer surface of the protrusions 668 of thecore 664 in the closed position. This arrangement facilitates reducingor minimizing the size of the delivery catheter by reducing orminimizing gaps between the outer surfaces 620B, 624B and the inner wallof the catheter body in which the prosthesis 600 resides.

The prosthesis 600 is configured such that the posterior and anteriorelements 620, 624 can be actuated independently. Such actuation can beby any suitable mechanism or technique. In one embodiment, the posteriorand anterior elements 620, 624 are actuated pneumatically. FIG. 18 showsthat a control channel 700 can be provided in the base 616, e.g., in thecore 664 to provide for remote control, e.g., actuation of the grippingelements 620, 624. For example, the control channel 700 can providefluid communication between a source of control fluid and a distal endof the control channel 700, e.g., in a pneumatic or hydraulicconfiguration. This enables a driving fluid, which can include one ormore of saline, water, heparin, radiopaque contrast, or otherbiocompatible liquid, to flow into the prosthesis 600. In certainembodiments, the control channel 700 is configured to convey within theprosthesis 600 a gas such as one or more of nitrogen, air, carbondioxide, oxygen, or other gases that area highly soluble in blood orotherwise biocompatible. The control channel 700 could be coupled with asource of any of these control fluids or with other inert syntheticfluids, particularly those that have low toxicity and high solubilityfor gas, e.g., any suitable perfluorocarbon. In one embodiment, thechannel 700 is in fluid communication with an actuator 704 disposed atthe distal end of the channel 700. The actuator 704 can be or cancomprise a portion of a piston. A distal face of the actuator 704 isengaged with or is in position to drive a portion of the posteriorelement 620. In one embodiment, the distal portion of the posteriorelement 620 comprises a flange 708 that extends from the outer peripheryof the prosthesis across the distal end of the prostheses 612 to a pivot712. The actuator 704 is configured to act on the flange 708 at alocation between the pivot 712 and the outer periphery of the prosthesis600.

The control channel 700 could be configured to have mechanical controlelements disposed therein. For example, the actuator 704 can be engagedwith a wire or other compression or tension member that is able to pushon the actuator. As the compression or tension member is moved in thecontrol channel 700 the actuator 704 acts on the flange 708 in certainembodiments. In certain embodiment, a compression or tension member(e.g., a wire) is directly engaged with the flange 708 or another partof the gripping element 620 to directly actuate the element 620. Thecompression or tension member (e.g., a wire) preferably is able to bedisengaged from the prosthesis 600 upon release of the prosthesis fromthe catheter assembly in which it is delivered.

The posterior element 620 can be configured to be biased toward theclosed position of FIGS. 16 and 19 . In one example, a spring 716 isprovided between the posterior element 620 and a portion of theprostheses to push the posterior element 620 toward the close position,e.g., to push the surface 620A toward and into engagement with the outersurface 672.

Although the details of the structures for actuating the anteriorelement 624 is not shown in cross-section, the anterior element can beactuated in a manner similar to the posterior element 620. Inparticular, a channel 732 can be provided that opens to the proximal end604 of the prostheses. The channel 732 can communicate with anotheractuator similar or the same as the actuator 704 to move the surface624B away from the surface 676. The anterior element 624 can be biasedtoward the closed positions of FIGS. 16 and 18 by a spring or otherbiasing member.

The prosthesis may also have features for connecting the prosthesis 600to a catheter or catheter system 800 (see FIG. 20 ) or the catheter 100described herein. For example, the prosthesis 600 may have a threadedrecess 740 extending from the proximal face of the base 616. Thethreaded recess 740 enables connection to a catheter device or system,such as a pusher disposed in a catheter body. The pusher can help inpositioning the prosthesis at the mitral valve for example. Theprosthesis 600 also can have an indexing feature 744 configured to alignthe prosthesis 600 in a specific orientation relative to a catheter bodyin which the prosthesis is delivered. In one form, the indexing feature744 comprises a recess configured to receive a pin or other protrusionof a delivery catheter. The indexing feature 744 can be a blind hole. Insome embodiments the indexing feature 744 includes threads or otherengagement features. In some embodiments the indexing feature 744 isable to both index the orientation of the prosthesis 600 relative to acatheter body and to releasably secure the prosthesis during delivery.

In certain embodiments, the prosthesis 600 is configured to be indexedto a catheter body without a dedicated indexing recess. Reducing thenumber of recesses or eliminating them completely can improve thebiocompatibility of the prosthesis 600. For example, reducing oreliminating such features can reduce the chance of embolism becauserecesses may be a site for blood clot formation. Thus the indexingfeature can include structures such as matched surface contours,temporary or low to moderate strength adhesives, frictional engagement,paired permanent magnets, and other engagement features. Matched surfacecontours can include a convex surface (e.g., on the proximal end 608 ofthe prosthesis body 604) and a concave surface (e.g., on the distalportion of a catheter body component disposed to engage the proximal end608). The concave and convex surfaces can be configured with localapices offset from the geometric center of the proximal surface of thecore 664.

Another use of these indexing features is to provide a counter-force indisengaging the prosthesis 600 from a catheter system in which it isdelivered. In certain embodiments, the threaded recess 740 is unscrewedfrom a threaded member disposed in a catheter assembly used fordelivering the prosthesis 600. The indexing feature 744 can provide acounter-force in certain embodiments. That is, an indexing structure ofa catheter assembly engaged with the indexing feature 744 applied atorque opposing the torque generated by backing the threads of thecatheter assembly threaded member out of the threads of the threadedrecess 740.

Although not shown, the distal end 612 of the prosthesis 600 can alsoinclude and indexing feature and/or a threaded recess. A distal threadedrecess can enable detachment of a threaded member extending in thedistal portion 104 of the catheter 100 in the manner discussed above orfrom the catheter system 800. A distal indexing feature can be used forcounter torque when a threaded member is detached from a distal threadedrecess. In some techniques the indexing feature 744 can be used forcounter torque when a threaded member is detached from a distal threadedrecess. In other variations, the indexing feature 744 is omitted and anindexing feature is disposed only on the distal end 612 of the body 604.

FIG. 16 shows that the prosthesis 600 can include as a further optionalfeature a retention member 760 configured to be disposed about the body604. The retention member 760 is shown in dashed lines for clarity. Insome embodiments, the retention member is provided to enhance thesecurity of the grasping elements 620, 624 when the prosthesis isapplied. The retention member 760 can be an elongate elastic member thatcan be stretched to be moved over the outside of the body 604. Theelasticity of the member 760 is preferably sufficient to apply acircumferential compressive force onto the outer surface of the graspingelements 620, 624. The compressive force is sufficient to increase theforces applied by the grasping elements 620, 624 to a layer of valvetissue disposed between the faces 620A and 672 and/or the faces 624A and676.

The retention member 760 can be disposed on either the proximal ordistal portion of the catheter 100. For example, in one embodiment, theretention member 760 is dispose don the distal portion 104 and can beurged over the distal end 612 of the body 604 after the leaflets 3, 4have been grasped. Transferring the retention member 760 from an outsidesurface of the distal portion 104 onto the outside surface of the body604 can be accomplished in any manner. For example, the distal portion104 can include a sheath disposed over an inner body. The sheath canhave an end closes to the prosthesis 600. The end can abut an end of theretention member 760. The abutting relationship will provide that asrelative motion is provided between the sheath and the inner body (e.g.,the sheath urged toward the mitral valve leaflets, the retention member760 will also be urged off of the inner body and onto the body 604 ofthe prosthesis 600. In another embodiment, the retention member 760 canbe disposed in or on the portion 106. The retention member 760 can bedisposed on an outside surface of the proximal portion 106 and can beurged distally by a sheath disposed around the outside surface.

The prosthesis 600 can be positioned at a heart valve, e.g., within themitral valve, using a wire or catheter guidance rail that is fixed atboth ends in a position external to the body, as discussed above. Theplacement can be facilitated by providing both venous and arterialplacement. In one technique, initial placement is provided similar toFIG. 3 . For example, access is provided to a peripheral venous site.Any standard technique can be used to cross the atrial septum. Forexample, a guide catheter or sheath 90 can be provided. Alternatively, aproximal portion can have a obturator or dilator for passing theproximal segment through the atrial septum.

The venous segment is then advanced across the mitral valve into theleft atrium, through the left ventricle, across the aortic valve, andthrough the ascending and descending aorta away from the heart. Thevenous segment, which may be similar to the proximal portion 106, mayinclude one or more internal lumens to facilitate injection ofpharmaceutical or contrast agents or passage of a guidance wire, and mayinclude structural features intended to allow the tip to be directed byblood flow such as a balloon, as discussed above.

An arterial segment can be provided by a suitable technique. Forexample, FIG. 3A shows an arterial segment 104A can be placedpercutaneously through an arterial access site and advanced toward thedistal tip 108A of the venous segment 106A. More generally, venoussegment can be joined to a segment exiting the patient at a second site,which can be an arterial site as discussed elsewhere herein. The secondsite can be provided by a surgical procedure that may be minimallyinvasive. For example, access can be provided through a sub-xiphoidapproach to the outside of the heart. A transapical channel can beformed from the outer apex of the heart to the left ventricle. Thetransapical channel can be disposed within a sheath that is placedthrough the myocardium. The channel can be of sufficient size for thesegment 104A to extend therethrough. Thus a continuous rail can beprovided from the venous access site to the second site outside thepatient through the sub-xiphoid access. While the transapical path doesnot benefit from the anatomical guidance discussed above in connectionwith FIGS. 1-3 , the trajectory from the left atrium, through the mitralvalve and out of the apex can be substantially straight in many patientsand thus may provide good perpendicularity to the mitral valve annulus,which helps seat the prostheses discussed herein or even a stent mountedprosthetic valve in the mitral valve annulus. Further details of how onewould provide transapical access to the left ventricle are discussed inWO2011/017440, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A loop, snare, Shepard's hook tip or other structure for capturing thevenous segment 106A can be provided on the arterial segment 104A. Thecapturing structure is provided such that the venous segment can bewithdrawn percutaneously through the arterial access site to create asingle, continuous, guidance rail extending from the venous access site,through the heart, to the arterial access site. In other approaches, thearterial and venous segments are joined intravascularly to provide acontinuous venous-arterial guide rail. The guidance and ensnaring orjoining method may be accomplished using mated surfaces such as a balland socket, fixation methods or structures such as a threaded connector,or using permanent or electro-magnetically tipped segments that attractwhen in proximity. Portions of one or both of the tips of the segments104A, 106A may be radiopaque to facilitate snaring of these components.

In further embodiments, using any one or combination of guidancetechnique, e.g., echocardiographic, fluoroscopic, or flow-directedguidance, the venous segment guidance rail is placed percutaneouslythrough a venous access site, advanced across a atrial septal aperture,through the mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta,aortic arch, and finally into the descending aorta. From an arterialaccess site, the arterial segment is placed percutaneously into anarterial access site, and advanced toward the distal tip of the venoussegment. Utilizing a snare disposed on the arterial segment or otherjoining device such as permanent magnets embedded into the distal tipsof both venous and arterial segments, the venous segment is ensnaredfirmly by the arterial segment. As the venous segment is advanced, thearterial segment is withdrawn to guide the venous segment toward and outof the arterial access site. This establishes a continuous guidance railextending percutaneously from the venous access site to the arterialaccess site. Or, as noted above, the venous and arterial segments may bejoined by permanent magnets, a threaded connection or other low profilejoining structure such that the venous and arterial segments can remainin place for advancement of other catheter devices thereover.

FIG. 20 illustrates that the prosthesis 600, which may be a metalliccylindrical clip device, can be disposed on a catheter system 800. Thecatheter system 800 in includes a proximal or venous segment 804 thathas a distal tip 808 and a proximal end 812. For simplicity, all of theanatomy is omitted except the anterior and posterior leaflets 3, 4. Incertain embodiments, a control rail formed by the segments 104A, 106A ispresent and controls the trajectory (e.g., position and orientation) ofthe venous segment 804. Accordingly, the venous segment 804 can beadvanced from the venous vasculature and controlled from the venousaccess site. In other embodiments, the catheter system 800 includes adistal segment coupled with a distal face of the prosthesis 600. Thedistal segment, if provided, controls of the position and deployment ofthe prosthesis 600 from arterial access site. Thus various embodimentsof the catheter system 800 control deployment of the prosthesis 600 fromone or both of a venous access site and an arterial access site. Theproximal end 812 of the proximal segment 804 is disposed outside thepatient, e.g., exiting a femoral vein or other peripheral vascularsegment. The body of the proximal segment 804 is long enough to reachfrom the peripheral venous site at least to the mitral valve but incertain embodiments through the heart into the arterial vasculature asdiscussed above. One or a plurality of control elements extend though ofa catheter system 800. FIG. 20 shows that one embodiment provides afluid delivery channel 816 to deliver control fluid to the actuator 704in driving engagement with the posterior element 620. A fluid deliverychannel 820 is provided to deliver control fluid to the lumen 732 and toan actuator disposed in fluid communication with the lumen 732. Controlfluid delivered through the fluid delivery channel 820 acts on theactuator to actuate the anterior element 624.

An indexing member 824 can be selectively engaged with the indexingfeature 744 to orient the prosthesis 600 about the longitudinal axisthere of or relative to the proximal segment 804 or the leaflets 3, 4.The indexing member can be an elongate slender rod or any of the otherfeatures discussed hereinabove or another suitable structure.

A push element 832 can be engaged with the threaded recess 740. The pushelement 832 can extend to the proximal end 812 and to an actuator deviceto be manipulated by the clinician. In one embodiment, the push element832 has a lumen that enables the proximal segment to be delivered over aguidewire or rail.

FIG. 20 shows an example of delivery over a rail. In particular, a railincluding proximal and distal segments 106A, 104A is established by anyof the techniques discussed above. The prosthesis 600 disposed at theend of proximal segment 804 of the catheter system 800 is then advancedover this guidance rail from the venous access site. In other words, inthis method, the combination of the proximal and distal segments 106A,104A form a guide rail and the prosthesis 600 is disposed within aseparate catheter that is guided over this rail to the heart. Ifadvanced from the venous side, the catheter system 800 is advanced intothe right atrium, across the atrial septum, into the left atrium, and tothe mitral valve over the rail formed by the proximal and distalsegments 106A, 104A.

The anterior element 620 is posited to face the anterior leaflet 3.Utilizing fluid pressure in the fluid delivery channel 816, the anteriorelement 620 facing the anterior mitral leaflet 3 is opened and held inthe open position. By advancing and withdrawing the catheter carryingthe prosthesis 600 along the guidance rail (combination of segments104A, 106A), the posterior leaflet 4 is directed between the surface620A of the anterior element 620 and the surface 672 of the base 616, atwhich point fluid pressure to the anterior element 620 is removed. Thisallows the anterior element 620 to return to the closed position. Then,utilizing fluid pressure in the fluid deliver channel 820, the anteriorelement 624 facing the anterior leaflet 3 is opened and held in the openposition. The catheter carrying the prosthesis 600 over the guidancerail (104A, 106A) is then manipulated to position the anterior leaflet 3between the surface 624A of the posterior element 624 and the surface676 of the base 616, at which point fluid pressure is removed ordecreased, allowing the posterior element 624 to return to the closedposition. At this point, the anterior and posterior leaflets 3, 4 willbe fastened together by the prosthesis 600, and positioned along theguidance rail. After the leaflets 3, 4 have been grasped the pushelement 832 can be disengaged from the threaded recess 740.

In some methods, the retention member 760 is thereafter applied to theprosthesis 600. In one approach, catheter body 840 is advanced over theguide rail from the arterial access site, e.g., over the distal segment104A. The catheter body 840 is placed over the guidance rail andadvanced toward the prosthesis 600 at the mitral valve. The catheterbody 840 can be advanced to be adjacent to the prosthesis 600 and in oneapproach docks with the distal end 612 of the body 604 (e.g., by athreaded or other secure connection). The retention member 760 isengaged with the catheter body 840. In FIG. 20 the retention member 760is shown as much larger than the body 840 but would generally bedisposed flush on a surface of the body 840. The surface would have anouter diameter approximately the same as or slightly larger than thediameter of the body 604 of the prosthesis 600. A sheath (not shown) orother pushing rod or member disposed over or within the catheter body840 can be brought into engagement with a proximal face of the retentionmember 760 and when urged distally on the catheter body 840 can causethe retention member 760 to be urged off of the catheter body 840 ontothe prosthesis 600. Thus the retention member 760 can be urged over thedistal end 612 of the body 604 to a position around the grasping element620, 624 to the position shown in FIG. 16 . The retention member 760 isconfigured to hold both of the grasping element 620, 624 against thebody 616 in the closed position and protect against inadvertent clipopening. The catheter body 840 is then withdrawn from the body. Thedistal end 808 of the proximal segment 804 is then detached from theprostheses 600, and withdrawn from the body. The guidance rail includingthe proximal and distal segments 106A, 104A can then be withdrawn fromthe body.

The prosthesis has many advantages. For example, the configuration ofthe prosthesis 600 allows independent actuation of each gripping element620, 624. Although the prosthesis 600 can grip the leaflets 3, 4simultaneously, this feature allow for independent and in some casessequential capture of each leaflet 3, 4. This makes grasping the mitralvalve much simpler than where multiple gripping elements simultaneouslygrip the leaflets. Because the prosthesis 600 is optimally placed in abeating heart, any features that simplify the procedure can greatlyimprove patient outcomes and hasten recovery.

Furthermore, the arcuate (e.g., semicircular) profile of the grippingmembers 620, 624 allows more leaflet material to be clipped or graspedbetween the surfaces 620A, 624A, and the surface 672, 676 respectivelythan if the engaging surfaces were less curved or flat. By lengtheningthe engagement area, the prosthesis 600 may provide valvular sufficiencywithout any additional devices. In certain conventional techniques, tofully treat certain patients multiple clips are required. The curvedprofile is one of the features of the prosthesis 600 that will enablepatients with advanced disease to be treated with a single prosthesis insome embodiments.

Also, embodiments with fluid, e.g., hydraulic or pneumatic, actuationenable the prosthesis 600 to be very simple to operate. The proximalsegment 804 is advanced through the valve and after the grippingelement(s) 620, 624 are opened, the catheter 804 is withdrawn to a valveleaflet gripping position. After both leaflets are gripped, the threadedpush element 832 engaged with the recess 740 is unthreaded from therecess 740 by hand rotation of the member. The indexing member 824 orother counter-torque device is used to prevent the prosthesis 600 fromrotating within the delivery catheter. This reduces, minimizes oreliminates torque from being applied to the valve leaflets 3, 4. Thecontrol fluid can be advanced into the channel 700 with a syringe orsimple pump or other flow control device. The syringe can be handoperated, providing direct tactile feedback to the clinician. Using aflow control device with direct tactile feedback is advantageous inenabling the clinician to automatically know from feel the state of theprosthesis 600. This approach is superior to robotic controllers that,while precise, prevent the clinician from directly and immediately beingable to confirm the status of the device inside the patient's heart.Because the clinician has better information at the bedside, theprocedure can be faster and safer.

Although the present invention has been disclosed with reference tocertain specific embodiments of devices and methods, the inventorscontemplate that the invention more broadly relates to methods disclosedabove, such as those useful for orienting a catheter with respect to ananatomical structure, as well as performing diagnostic and/ortherapeutic procedures in the heart or adjacent the heart. Accordingly,the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specificstructures and steps disclosed herein, but rather by the full scope ofthe attached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A mitral valve prosthesis, comprising: anelongate arcuate body having a proximal end and a distal end; a basedisposed between the proximal end and the distal end of the elongatearcuate body, the base comprising a first lateral protrusion and asecond lateral protrusion, the first lateral protrusion and the secondlateral protrusion each extending from a periphery of the body andlongitudinally along at least a portion of the elongate arcuate body; anarcuate anterior leaflet grasping element articulated at the distal endof the elongate arcuate body, the arcuate anterior leaflet graspingelement being movable between an open position and a closed position,wherein when in a closed position the arcuate anterior leaflet graspingelement is received within a first space defined by the first lateralprotrusion and the second lateral protrusion; and an arcuate posteriorleaflet grasping element articulated at the distal end of the elongatearcuate body, the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element beingmovable between an open position and a closed position, wherein when ina closed position the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element isreceived within a second space defined by the first lateral protrusionand the second lateral protrusion.
 2. The mitral valve prosthesis ofclaim 1, wherein a flush surface is provided between the base and sidesurfaces of at least one of the arcuate anterior leaflet graspingelement and the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element.
 3. Themitral valve prosthesis of claim 1, further comprising an indexingfeature disposed on a proximal portion of the prosthesis for fixing therotational position of the prosthesis relative to a catheter body. 4.The mitral valve prosthesis of claim 1, further comprising a controlmember channel disposed on a proximal face of the base for engaging aguide wire or a push element.
 5. The mitral valve prosthesis of claim 1,further comprising a retention member configured to be advanced over aside surface of the elongate arcuate body to a position around at leastone of the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping element and the arcuateposterior leaflet grasping element to hold the grasping element againstthe base.
 6. The mitral valve prosthesis of claim 1, wherein a bight isformed between the base and at least one the arcuate anterior leafletgrasping element and the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element. 7.The mitral valve prosthesis of claim 1, wherein a hinge is providedbetween at least one of [a] the base and a distal portion of the arcuateanterior leaflet grasping element and [b] the base and a distal portionof the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element.
 8. The mitral valveprosthesis of claim 7, further comprising a spring coupled with a firstportion of the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element and anactuator coupled with a second portion of the arcuate posterior leafletgrasping element, the hinge being disposed between the first and secondportions.
 9. A mitral valve prosthesis, comprising: an elongate arcuatebody having a proximal end and a distal end; a base disposed between theproximal end and the distal end of the elongate arcuate body, an arcuateanterior leaflet grasping element articulated at the distal end of theelongate arcuate body, the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping elementbeing movable between an open position and a closed position; and anarcuate posterior leaflet grasping element articulated at the distal endof the elongate arcuate body, the arcuate posterior leaflet graspingelement being movable between an open position and a closed position,wherein a lumen and a pneumatic actuator are disposed in the base foractuating at least one of the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping elementand the posterior leaflet grasping element.
 10. The mitral valveprosthesis of claim 9, wherein a first lumen and a first pneumaticactuator is disposed in the base for actuating the arcuate anteriorleaflet grasping element and a second lumen and a second pneumaticactuator is disposed in the base for actuating the arcuate posteriorleaflet grasping element.
 11. A mitral valve repair apparatuscomprising: a catheter comprising an elongate flexible body sized toreach a heart from a peripheral venous site, the elongate flexible bodycomprising a proximal end and a distal end; and a valve repair devicedetachably coupled with the distal end and the proximal end of theelongate flexible body, the valve repair device configured topermanently connect a captured portion of a mitral valve leaflet to acaptured portion of an opposing mitral valve leaflet while permitting anuncaptured portion of the mitral valve leaflet and an uncaptured portionof the opposing mitral valve leaflet to open and close, the valve repairdevice comprising: a base comprising a first lateral protrusion and asecond lateral protrusion, the first lateral protrusion and the secondlateral protrusion each extending from a periphery of the elongateflexible body and longitudinally along at least a portion of theelongate flexible body; an anterior leaflet grasping element; and aposterior leaflet grasping element; the anterior leaflet graspingelement and the posterior leaflet grasping element are articulated at oradjacent to the base and movable between an open position and a closedposition, wherein when in the closed position the anterior leafletgrasping element is received within a first space defined by the firstlateral protrusion and the second lateral protrusion and the posteriorleaflet grasping element is received within a second space defined bythe first lateral protrusion and the second lateral protrusion, whereinthe distal end of the catheter is configured to be disposed in aperipheral artery and through a percutaneous access site such that thedistal end can be drawn out of the peripheral artery after the distalend is detached from the valve repair device.
 12. The mitral valverepair apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a retention memberconfigured to be advanced over a side surface of at least one of theanterior leaflet grasping element and the posterior leaflet graspingelement to hold the at least one of the anterior and posterior leafletgrasping element against the base.
 13. The mitral valve repair apparatusof claim 11, wherein a bight is formed between the base and at least oneof the anterior leaflet grasping element and the posterior graspingelement when the at least one of the anterior leaflet grasping elementand the posterior grasping element is in the open position, a transversedimension of the bight at a proximal portion of the base being largerthan a transverse dimension of the bight at a distal portion of thebase.
 14. A mitral valve prosthesis, comprising: an elongate arcuatebody having a proximal end and a distal end; a base disposed between theproximal end and the distal end of the elongate arcuate body, an arcuateanterior leaflet grasping element articulated at the distal end of theelongate arcuate body, the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping elementbeing movable between an open position and a closed position; and anarcuate posterior leaflet grasping element articulated at the distal endof the elongate arcuate body, the arcuate posterior leaflet graspingelement being movable between an open position and a closed position,wherein the valve repair device further comprises a fluid actuatordisposed in the base for actuating at least one of the anterior leafletgrasping element and the posterior leaflet grasping element.
 15. Themitral valve repair apparatus of claim 14, wherein the valve repairdevice further comprises a first lumen and a first fluid actuatordisposed in the base for actuating the anterior leaflet graspingelement, and wherein the valve repair device further comprises a secondlumen and a second fluid actuator disposed in the base for actuating theposterior leaflet grasping element.
 16. A mitral valve prosthesis,comprising: an elongate arcuate body having a proximal end and a distalend; a base disposed between the proximal end and the distal end of theelongate arcuate body; an arcuate anterior leaflet grasping elementarticulated at the distal end of the elongate arcuate body, the arcuateanterior leaflet grasping element being movable between an open positionand a closed position; and an arcuate posterior leaflet grasping elementarticulated at the distal end of the elongate arcuate body, the arcuateposterior leaflet grasping element being movable between an openposition and a closed position; wherein the base is configured such thatthe arcuate anterior leaflet grasping element and the arcuate posteriorleaflet grasping element are received in a flush arrangement with thebase in which the thickness of the arcuate anterior leaflet graspingelement is received in a space recessed into the base such that at leastone edge of the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping element is facing atleast one surface of the base forming at least a portion of a boundaryof the space recessed into the base.
 17. The mitral valve prosthesis ofclaim 16, wherein when the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element isin the closed position the arcuate posterior leaflet grasping element isreceived in a space at least partially bounded by the base.
 18. Themitral valve prosthesis of claim 16, wherein the base comprises a convexperiphery and a concave recess formed in the convex periphery, theconcave recess formed between lateral protrusions and a distal shoulder,the arcuate anterior leaflet grasping element or the posterior leafletgrasping element being received in the concave recess when the arcuateanterior leaflet grasping element or the arcuate posterior leafletgrasping element is in a closed position.